Ebook Economics of Distance and Online Learning: Theory, Practice and ResearchFrom Brand: Routledge
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Economics of Distance and Online Learning: Theory, Practice and ResearchFrom Brand: Routledge
Ebook Economics of Distance and Online Learning: Theory, Practice and ResearchFrom Brand: Routledge
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This book provides a comprehensive overview of the organizational models of distance and online learning from an international perspective and from the point of view of economic planning, costing and management decision-making. The book points to directions for the further research and development in this area, and will promote further understanding and critical reflection on the part of administrators, practitioners and researchers of distance education. The experiences and perspectives in distance education in the US are balanced with those in other areas of the world.
- Sales Rank: #3092628 in Books
- Brand: Brand: Routledge
- Published on: 2008-04-02
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.90" h x .71" w x 6.00" l, .95 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 312 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
Review
Secure and Tranquil Travel is applied criminology at its best. Written for those with an interest in managing rail, bus, and underground transport services, the book offers what is essentially a step-by-step guide on how to identify and mitigate various kind of crime and disorder on public transit facilities. Using the SARA model (Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment), the contributors examine anti-social behaviour, crimes against passengers, crimes against employees, vandalism and graffiti, and line-of-route crimes. In its entirety, the book is a wonderful resource in the most applied sense. While its pragmatism might be disconcerting for those with an appreciation for critical criminology, the way in which the contributors bring criminological theory, methodological insight, and empirical evidence to bear on real-world problems is intellectually refreshing. Holding the book together is a whole-hearted embrace of opportunity-based theories of crime. With each chapter drawing heavily from advances in rational choice and routine activity theory, situational crime prevention, and Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design, one is treated to a detailed analysis of how the spatial and temporal flow of passengers, staff, and would-be offenders, when combined with an amenable physical environment, can set the stage for crime and disorder. What makes the book particularly interesting is the way it makes criminological theory and research speak to the organizational demands and concerns of the public transportation industry,including issues and/or concerns about staffing, efficiency, ridership, public relations, and revenue generation. Thus, the book will likely catch the interest of those working in the industry. The methodological rigor of Secure and Tranquil Travel is worth noting. Using the SARA model, the authors bring to light just how critically important it is that preliminary research flesh out crime and disordera⠬⠢s situationally specific characteristics. While acknowledging the problems that inevitably follow from a⠬÷cookie-cuttera⠬ solutions to crime and disorder, the contributors manage to walk that fine line between applying tried-and-true solutions on one hand, and focussing on situational variation on the other. It is this balance that gives the book its sense of cautious, scientific optimism. Although academic reviews rarely comment on a booka⠬⠢s design or layout, I believe it is necessary here. Secure and Tranquil Travel makes extensive and effective use of photography. As a result, problems of crime and disorder are brought to life in their natural settings, offering the reader a unique opportunity to evaluate criminogenic environments in a way that is as close as it gets to an actual site visit. However, the booka⠬⠢s pragmatism is slightly disconcerting in so far as its emphasis on a⠬÷what might worka⠬ leaves little room for more difficult discussions about the cultural politics surrounding crime, disorder, and especially fear. Of course, proponents of situational crime prevention are rarely forthright about such matters, choosing instead to focus exclusively on the criminal event as an a-political phenomenon as opposed to the biographical origins of the offender or the structural causes of criminality. While it might have been difficult to acknowledge the relevance of race, gender, or socio-economic status as critical factors in the aetiology of fear (for example) given the booka⠬⠢s target audience, these issues should have been raised nonetheless. The importance of racism, gender discrimination, and inequality must remain part of the broader discussion when it comes to explaining and perhaps solving issues of crime and disorder. Unfortunately, Secure and Tranquil Travel offers a mere nod in that direction. Finally, a pedagogical note: adopting the book as a required reading in a university setting would be a challenge given its exclusive focus on public transit. That being said, however, the book would make a phenomenal resource for instructors looking to introduce case study material into their lectures and/or seminars and would thereby provide that sense of a⠬÷hands ona⠬ training which so many undergraduate criminology and sociology students seem to appreciate. PATRICK F. PARNABY University of Guelph
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